TEMPERAMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TEMPERAMENT - Essay Example In this period, children develop a sense of freedom and exploration (Feldman p. 187, 2010). Children have been observed to have many different types of temperaments, which have been broadly classified as easy babies, difficult babies and slow-to-warm babies. Easy babies have a consistent behavior, which can be adapted easily to patterns of eating, sleeping and other routines. Difficult babies are very irregular and irritable in their patterns making it harder for them to adapt to changes. Slow-to-warm babies tend not to be very irritable, though their behavior is negative and they recede from public (Feldman p. 188, 2010). Common sense dictates that temperament should effect the development of a baby into a good or bad individual, or a healthy or unhealthy individual. But researches have shown that this is not the case, although temperament does have an indirect effect. The overall effect combines temperament and the societal nature and the general atmosphere around a person also. Temperament directly affects the attachment of babies with their parents. A recent research has shown that the parental attachment can also govern the development of a child’s temperament. Easy to handle babies are generally highly attached to parents (Smith, 2009). Behavior of a mother post-partum is a very important factor in determining a child’s temperament. Women with a higher level of maternal education are able to cope with babies better, having a lesser negative post-partum impact on their children (Smith, 2009). It has been observed that the mode of delivery has a very direct impact on the mother’s emotional stability. Natural and planned cesarean births fare far better than emergency cesareans and epidurals. These can also affect the temperament of children indirectly (Smith, 2009). Scientists are still unsure whether temperament is a completely psychological aspect of a human, or is there some biological effect too as

Outsourcing as a Class Struggle Essay Example for Free

Outsourcing as a Class Struggle Essay The world has a long history of class struggles. Karl Marx saw the conflict between classes in the roles they played in goods production. The upper class or the bourgeoisie reaped all the benefits from the labor of the lower class or the proletariat. The exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie caused the former to live in poverty with no means to buy the goods he himself produced. In today’s global economy, the class struggle between the new bourgeoisie and the new proletariat is evident in business outsourcing. This is where companies find external experts to do non-core jobs for them to efficiently manage production costs. The current trend crosses international boundaries in search of low wage earners to pass the jobs to. They transfer employment from industrialized countries to poor third world nations with low manpower costs.. The workers in the foreign country who got the jobs, however, got much less for what should be humanly equitable. Marx would see outsourcing as the exploitation of the working class by the capitalist class. In order to meet production targets, the workers would be made to work longer hours with the least pay. Marx would think that the sole intention of the capitalist class is to rake in profit at the expense of its workers who suffer work under unhealthy conditions and hours. Marx would likewise note that global operations would cause the detriment of local and established industries. The bourgeoisie’s capitalistic focus is on the maximum production that can be done in a day. It can weaken and destroy the proletariat but the proletariat has the means to fight off the bourgeoisie when it remains united in a common struggle,

Searching for knowledge: method, gloss, and the failure of information :: Ethnography

I. Sketching Knowledge I have a recurring nightmare that I am on my way to becoming a post-modern positivist. In the dark recesses of my inner sanctum, my constant justifications of the worth of inductive, nonhypothesisdriven, participatory, and emic-centered research finally give way under the pressure of graduate student’s dismissal of methods as unimportant and an all too often dismissal of anthropology by some given that its â€Å"just† anecdotes. These fears are backed by a frightening realization that I have colleagues in other disciplines (i.e., critical geography, social work, and even sympathetic political science) who appear to take our method more seriously than we do. Is anthropology doomed? This semester I am teaching ethnographic methods to a class of first year graduate students and I am often struck by how keen they are to know â€Å"how it is done.† But simultaneously, how difficult it is for them to specify any concrete method beyond interviewing and observing. Often they are actually most interested in questions of logistics: the real â€Å"how is it done† questions. How did you get a visa, where did you live, how long did you stay, how did you afford it, did your partner come with you, were you insured? And of course, a professor who has taught the course before advised me that I shouldn’t prepare lectures, but rather just â€Å"tell stories.† So I spend a lot of my time in this class telling stories, (which satisfies my pedagogical fears over not knowing enough about method to cover 20 hours of course-time – having had a significant part of my own training in the â€Å"go out and do it† approach), but also imploring these anthropologists-in-training to think about what information they are interested in, and the best ways to get it. I tell them that we need to take data collection seriously, or at least we need to have a serious think about what will answer our questions. However, some of them seem to think of it as busy-work. As they repeatedly tell me, one of the dogmas of Malinowski-as-practiced dissertation fieldwork is â€Å"your 2 questions will change once you are in the field,† so why should they spend loads of time thinking about how to answer their original question? Also, some ask, doesn’t this jeopardize the nature of inductive research? I believe in the necessity of the anthropological flexibility that these students are highlighting through their questioning of research preparation. However, it seems to me that some of them are conflating fixity and research design, rather than giving real consideration to particular methodological

The Speckled Band and Lamb to the slaughter :: English Literature

Discussing The Speckled Band and Lamb to the slaughter. British writer, creator Sherlock Holmes, the best-known detective in literature and the embodiment of sharp reasoning. Doyle himself was not a good example of rational personality: he believed in fairies and was interested in occultism. Sherlock Holmes stories have been translated into more than fifty languages, and made into plays, films, radio and television series, a musical comedy, a ballet, cartoons, comic books, and advertisement. By 1920 Doyle was one of the most highly paid writers in the world. --'This is indeed a mystery,' I remarked. 'What do you imagine that it means?' --'I have no data yet. It is a capital mistake to theorise before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts...' --(from 'A Scandal in Bohemia', 1891) Arthur Conan Doyle was born at Picardy Place, Edinburgh, as the son of Charles Altamont Doyle, a civil servant in the Edinburgh Office of Works, and Mary (Foley) Doyle. Both of Doyle's parents were Roman Catholics. To increase his income Charles Altamont painted, made book illustrations, and also worked as a sketch artist on criminal trials. Not long after arriving Edinburgh he started to drink, he suffered from epilepsy and was eventually institutionalized. Doyle's mother was interested in literature, and she encouraged his son to take to books. Doyle read voluminously. At the age of fourteen he had learned French so that he read Jules Verne in the author's original language. Later Doyle's second wife, Jean, said: "My husband's mother was a very remarkable and highly cultured woman. She had a dominant personality, wrapped up on the most charming womanly exterior." Charles Altamot died in an asylum in 1893; in the same year Doyle decided to finish permanently the adventures of his master detective. Because of financial problems, Doyle's mother kept a boarding house. Dr. Tsukasa Kobayashi has alluded in an article, that Doyle's mother had a long affair with Bryan Charles Waller, a lodger and a student of pathology, who had a deep impact to Conan Doyle. Doyle was educated in Jesuit schools. During this period Doyle lost his belief in the Roman Catholic faith but the training of the Jesuits influenced deeply his mental development. Later he used his friends and teachers from Stonyhurst College as models for his characters in the Holmes stories, among them two boys named Moriarty. He studied at Edinburgh University and in 1884 he married Louise Hawkins. Doyle qualified as doctor in 1885. After graduation Doyle practiced medicine as an eye specialist at Southsea near Porsmouth in Hampshire until 1891 when he became a full time writer.

Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories Essay

In these stories we have three totally different villains, all with their own motives. Before we actually meet Dr Roylett we hear about him from his step-daughter, Miss Stoner. She describes his violent past and his current behaviour. Then, subsequently, we see his violence for ourselves as he storms in to Holmes’ office and bends the fire poker, threatening Holmes. During the di nouement , when we are told of his crime, we realise how clever and cunning he is, and how he had organised the murders; with the bell pull and ventilator. We can take from this that he was a very cold-hearted man who cared more about money, than his own kin. In â€Å"The Cardboard Box† Jim Browner commits a double murder out of jealousy. Miss Cushing gives a description of him. She says that â€Å"a little drink would send him stark, staring mad†. This makes us think that he could be a dangerous man. When he finds out that his wife is having an affair he threatens to kill her lover if he is ever seen in her company again. When he sees them together he goes mad and carries out his threat, in a spur of the moment, jealous rage. The villain in â€Å"Silver Blaze† is a different kind of criminal. We believe, at first that John Straker, is the victim of a brutal murder. At the end we find out that, in fact, he was attempting to sabotage the horse in his care, so he would win a bet that he had against him. Therefore, the motive in this story is money. John Straker never did win the bet because whilst trying to injure the horse, Silver Blaze put up a struggle and he was struck in the head by the horses hoof. The Sherlock Holmes stories all follow the classic structure of detective stories. The clues are set out throughout the stories so that the reader can try to work out the crime too. Red Herrings are often used, to throw the reader off the scent and make sure we don’t work it out too soon. These stories all have a di nouement, where Holmes explains the crime, and tells how he solved it. These three stories, especially â€Å"The Speckled Band†, have an emphasis on exotic features which would have intrigued the Victorian audience. The British empire in that time took up a large percent of the globe so they would be interested in the lands that their country owns. Things such as Dr Roylett’s â€Å"pets† would have fascinated them because in Victorian times, the majority of people didn’t travel, so they had no contact with exotic things. The reference to gypsies in two of the stories would have had an effect on Victorian readers because in those times, gypsies were believed to cast spells and would frighten the reader. For a Victorian reader justice would have been more important than how it was executed and in these stories, justice is always given. Although, Holmes sometimes takes the law into his own hands and becomes the judge and jury. â€Å"I am no doubt indirectly responsible for [his] death, and I cannot say that it is likely to weigh very heavily upon my conscience. † The world that Holmes lived in is very different to the world we live in now. The methods of detection were very nai ve and weren’t nearly as accurate as the forensic detection we use today. Holmes is an upper class citizen as most detectives may have been in those days whereas the modern detective is either a member of the police force or a professional private detective. The age of the talented amateur has passed. Even though the Sherlock Holmes stories might not be as successful today as they were in Victorian times because of the difference in societies due to time, Sherlock Holmes is still one of the most famous fictional detectives of all time. I believe that this is because his stories set the basis for modern detective novels and films. I also think, that because it was one of the original detective stories it is more compelling. Overall, the likeable characters, intriguing plot, gripping climax and the sense of realism have made the Sherlock Holmes stories very successful, in the past and present. Kathryn Thompson Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Analysis of the lay up in basketball Essays

Analysis of the lay up in basketball Essays Analysis of the lay up in basketball Paper Analysis of the lay up in basketball Paper The lay-up shot is one of the most commonly used techniques and you dont have to be 6 feet tall to find the net.  Step 1  The overall aim of the lay-up is to drive towards the basket and score off the backboard. Dribbling to the net from the side of the court should give you the space needed to make the jump.  Step 2  Transfer all your weight onto the front leg. If you are right-handed this will be your left leg or if you are left-handed it will be your right leg. Bending the knee will help provide the spring needed. Step 3  Launch yourself off your forward leg, and thrust your arms upwards towards the net to prepare for the shot. Aim to jump towards the side off the basket and at the top of your leap, roll the ball out your shooting hand.  Step 4  Try and lay the ball softly on to the backboard, hit the top corner of the rectangle on your side of the basket  Mechanics of the lay-up  There are biomechanical movements that take place when performing the lay-up. In the preparation stage there is an important transfer of weight. You must transfer all your weight onto the front leg. If you are right-handed this will be your left leg or if you are left-handed it will be your right leg. Bending the knee will help provide the spring needed. This is known as maximum force application meaning you can get a powerful leap, upwards, towards the basket. To get maximum force application you have to use your legs and arms to generate the force needed to get sufficient height to make the lay-up shot easier and give adequate arm extension. There is also friction being generated between my clients trainers and the court surface. This gives you grip. The lay-up shot is a shot where you bring your hands above your head while you are in mid air. You have your hands above your head in the air with the ball is to raise your centre of gravity which will allow you to stay in the air for longer this is known as your hang time and also so the ball doesnt have to drive as far to the basket, this enables you to more precise and accurate with the shot by laying the ball softly on to the backboard, trying to hit the top corner of the rectangle on your side of the basket. Angle of release also comes into this because you have to release the ball at its highest point in the jump, this means your hands should be above eye level. Comparisons Client and Model Performer My performer when I first tested him when performing the lay-up whilst he was in the air about to release the ball seem to swivel so when he was throwing the ball it wasnt going where it was intended and wasnt very accurate. Model Performers such as Michael Jordan do fancy lay-ups which include a swivel in it but there shots are precise and accurate. My client didnt generate enough force from his legs which should enable him to push of the ground like a spring so this is harder to raise the centre of gravity therefore my client doesnt have long in the air so the shot has to be rushed hence the reason for less amount of shots going in the basket. Whereas the likes of Michael Jordan know they have to generate effective force in his muscles so he can make more baskets and score more points for his team. By him generating the power from his legs and transferring his weight evenly then Michael Jordan knows he can tower above the defenders. My clients momentum wasnt very effective because he was under the basket when he started to do the lay-up so it wasnt going where it was intended to go and the target area of the top corner of the rectangle wasnt effective as my client couldnt see it. Michael Jordan uses momentum to his advantage because he knows maximise speed for example when gaining fouls or evading the defence. My performer didnt bend his knees after landing therefore he couldnt keep his balance. Michael Jordan knows only too well that bending the knees acts as a shock absorber consequently is able to maintain his centre of gravity.

Dónde pedir información migratoria de todo tipo

Dà ³nde pedir informacià ³n migratoria de todo tipo Es muy comà ºn que los migrantes o los extranjeros con visas no inmigrantes tengan dudas sobre cul es exactamente su estatus migratorio o sobre asuntos que pueden afectarlo. En este artà ­culo se explica cà ³mo obtener informacià ³n de primera mano sobre situacià ³n de casos pendientes ante el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) y con las embajadas o consulados. Asimismo, cà ³mo saber si una persona est detenida, tiene una orden de deportacià ³n o de arresto, cà ³mo comunicarse con el Servicio Nacional de Visas, cà ³mo consultar si se es ciudadano americano. cà ³mo se puede solicitar un pasaporte o dà ³nde estn las oficinas locales del ICE. Y otros otros telà ©fonos importantes sobre asuntos que afectan muy de cerca a migrantes. Consultar con el USCIS Si se tiene un caso pendiente con el USCIS, existen diferentes modos de comunicarse y buscar informacià ³n. En persona Todos los extranjeros que se encuentren legalmente en Estados Unidos pueden usar el servicio de InfoPass.  Se pide una cita y en un corto plazo de tiempo se puede acudir a una oficina de Inmigracià ³n. Allà ­ un oficial con conocimiento del tipo de casos sobre el que existe la duda examinar la documentacià ³n que se le presenta y ofrecer una opinià ³n profesional. Es importante subrayar que los inmigrantes indocumentados no pueden utilizar este servicio. Y que puede tener consecuencias muy adversas presentarse voluntariamente en unas oficinas de Inmigracià ³n, como por ejemplo, ser arrestado en el momento. Por internet, correo electrà ³nico, mensaje de texto Se puede utilizar el sistema del USCIS de My Case Status para verificar cà ³mo est la tramitacià ³n. Es necesario saber el nà ºmero de caso que es el que aparece en la primera carta que se recibe del USCIS. Por correo Si se ha enviado una peticià ³n o solicitud a una Oficina de Campo (Field Office), se puede enviar una carta preguntando por el caso. Incluir los siguiente: Nombre completo y direccià ³nAlien Registration NumberFecha de nacimientoFecha y lugar de la aplicacià ³n sobre la que se preguntaEl Nà ºmero del caso Fotocopia legible de la à ºltima carta que se recibià ³ del USCISY, si ya ha tenido lugar una entrevista o la toma de huellas digitales, indicar la fecha y el lugar donde se realizà ³. Militares Los miembros del Ejà ©rcito de los Estados Unidos tienen reglas especiales en algunos asuntos migratorios. Para informarse y resolver inquietudes que les afecten directamente o a familiares pueden marcar gratis al 1-877-247-4645, de lunes a viernes de 8.am a 4.30 pm hora CST. Tambià ©n pueden escribir un correo a: militaryinfo.nscdhs.gov. Recordar que algunos familiares de militares o reservistas o veteranos que se encuentran en situacià ³n de indocumentados pueden beneficiarse del Parole in Place y obtener asà ­ los papeles. Centro Nacional de Visas (NVC) Las personas que estn pendientes de una visa de inmigrante pueden ponerse en contacto con el NVC siguiendo pautas establecidas. Si la inquietud que se tiene es sobre cunto tiempo hay que esperar, la informacià ³n puede saberse verificando cada vez las fechas de prioridad que publica el Departamento de Estado en el Boletà ­n de Visas. Detenidos y à ³rdenes Existe una base de datos donde es posible verificar si una persona est detenida por las autoridades migratorias. Y si no aparece en el sistema, existen telà ©fonos en los que los familiares o los abogados de la persona que se cree que puede estar detenida pueden pedir informacià ³n. Si una persona est detenida se puede averiguar informacià ³n sobre la prisià ³n y su direccià ³n en esta aplicacià ³n. Recordar que a los detenidos se les puede enviar dinero y paquetes. Adems, si se cree que se puede tener una orden de deportacià ³n en contra, es conveniente verificarlo.   Cortes de Inmigracià ³n Si se quiere saber el estatus de un caso, se puede marcar a cualquiera de los dos telà ©fonos siguientes: 800-898-7180240-314-1500 Si se desea pedir informacià ³n sobre el rà ©cord migratorio que pueden tener las cortes, marcar al 703-605-1297. Tramitacià ³n Visas no inmigrantes Asà ­ se puede verificar los tiempos que tardan en tramitarse las distintas visas no inmigrantes segà ºn el consulado o embajada en la que se aplica.   Si existe la tentacià ³n de aplicar en una oficina consular distinta a la del lugar habitual al que se reside, conviene tener en cuenta cules son los posibles inconvenientes. Verificacià ³n de Resultados de la loterà ­a de Visas (green card) Todos los aà ±os el gobierno de Estados Unidos celebra una loterà ­a gratuita de tarjetas de residencia. El sorteo se conoce como Visas de la Diversidad y los resultados se dan a conocer en mayo.   Oficinas   La direccià ³n de las oficinas de campo del USCIS se puede verificar aquà ­. Hacia el final de la pgina aparece un mapa, clickar en el estado en el que se busca la informacià ³n. Para buscar la direccià ³n exacta de los Centro de Apoyo, donde entre otras cosas se toman las huellas digitales y las fotos, se puede utilizar esta aplicacià ³n.   Y aquà ­ se puede buscar por estado la direccià ³n de las oficinas en las que se llevan a cabo entrevistas de asilo que han sido previamente pautadas. Si se busca contactar con la oficina local de Aplicacià ³n y Expulsià ³n (ERO, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), aquà ­ estn las direcciones fà ­sicas y las de correo electrà ³nico, por estado. Pasaporte americano En ocasiones es necesario obtener urgentemente un pasaporte porque se viaja con carcter inmediato y o bien no se tiene o bien est expirado. En estos casos, cerrar una cita marcando al 1-877-987-2778, antes de presentarse en una de las Agencias de Pasaporte Regionales.   Si se sigue el procedimiento ordinario, en tiempo normal o acelerado, estas son las oficinas en las que se puede aplicar.   Tener en cuenta los casos en los que se puede renovar por correo y los requerimientos especiales para menores.  Si se est fuera de los Estados Unidos, contactar con nuestra embajada o consulado ms cercano. Por à ºltimo, si se ha solicitado un pasaporte, aquà ­ se puede verificar online el estatus del caso.   Dudas sobre ciudadanà ­a Aunque parezca increà ­ble, lo cierto es que muchas personas creen que pueden ser ciudadanas americanas pero no lo saben con certeza. El principal problema es que la ley ha cambiado en varias ocasiones y por esos algunas personas no tienen claro si conservan la ciudadanà ­a o la adquirieron sin saberlo. Siempre que se tenga una duda razonable sobre la posibilidad de ser ciudadano americano se puede marcar al  1800-375-5282.  Ahà ­ encontrar ayuda. Tambià ©n es importante informase sobre quà © hacer para saber sobre si es posible recuperar la ciudadanà ­a que en aplicacià ³n de leyes pasadas se perdià ³ involuntariamente. En todo caso, antes de preguntar es aconsejable informarse sobre las reglas bsicas que regulan la ciudadanà ­a y cà ³mo se adquiere. Embajadas y Consulados Las Embajadas y los consulados americanos tienen al servicio del pà ºblico pginas webs donde brindan importante informacià ³n. Tambià ©n ofrecen sus telà ©fonos de contacto y correo electrà ³nico. Pero hay que entender que las oficinas consulares de los Estados Unidos no son los abogados particulares de nadie.   Las Embajadas y los consulados sà ­ que brindan ayuda a los ciudadanos estadounidenses que residen en el exterior. Para facilitar su labor es altamente recomendable inscribirse para tal fin. Reportar un ilà ­cito migratorio Se puede marcar al 1-866-DHS-2-ICE, o lo que es lo mismo: 1-866-347-2423. Tambià ©n se puede llenar en inglà ©s este formulario.   Telà ©fono para reportar abuso laboral En el 1-888-7581 se puede denunciar todo tipo de abuso, desde el no pagar salarios legales a acosos laborales o sexuales. Pueden denunciar todos los trabajadores, sin importar su estatus legal.   Violencia domà ©stica y otros tipos de crà ­menes Cualquier persona puede denunciar, tambià ©n sin que se tenga en consideracià ³n el estatus legal. Pero como aquà ­ se explica, salvo en casos en los que por seguridad hay que llamar inmediatamente, las và ­ctimas indocumentadas deberà ­an consultar antes con un abogado migratorio.   Los telà ©fonos a los que se puede marcar son: Là ­nea abierta nacional contra la violencia domà ©stica: 1-800-799-7233Là ­nea abierta de la red nacional contra el asalto sexual, violacià ³n, abuso e incesto (RAINN, por sus siglas en inglà ©s): 1-800-656-4673Centro nacional de nià ±os desaparecidos y explotados: 1-800-843-5678Centro nacional para và ­ctimas de crà ­menes: 1-800-394-2255 Otros telà ©fonos importantes En todo Estados Unidos y sus territorios se puede marcar al 911 para contactar con la policà ­a.   Para asuntos migratorios lo ms adecuado es contar con un abogado reputado. Y, si no se puede pagarlo, intentar obtener ayuda a travà ©s de organizaciones que brindan asistencia legal a migrantes. Por à ºltimo, el sistema consular mexicano en los Estados Unidos ha habilitado un telà ©fono gratis al que se puede marcar desde cualquier paà ­s para ayudar a su migrantes nacionales. Funciona muy bien y presta ayuda beneficiosa. Este artà ­culo no es asesorà ­a legal. Sà ³lo tiene carcter informativo.

Ids

Ids The Trial: The trial has significance because it is the only reason, at least the only explanation the writer gives to the reader, why the narrator has been put here alone. The trial is an allusion to the Spanish Inquisition. The whole event foreshadows a terrible punishment, and not on of a normal standard like today's but quite a cruel and unusual one.The Room: The room id completely dark. The narrator was quite obsessed with finding the size of his prison. He described the walls to be very "cold"‚  and "smooth"‚ . The whole reason he explores this room is to find a mean of escape. Which he doesn't foreshadowing a loss of sanity and unusual or omnious events to come. The room is isolation to the world more or less making the narrator trapped within his own mind.The Pit: The pit is in the center of the room.Microsoft Narrator

Market Structure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Market Structure - Research Paper Example (Eaton, Diane and Douglas, 2002 pp.93) The firm is in equilibrium if it maximizes profit defined as the difference between revenues and costs (** = R-C). The equilibrium point is where the firm produces the output that maximizes the difference between TR & TC curves as shown below. In the short term the firm will either be making excess profits or losses depending on the position of an AC curves i.e. if the AVC curve lays below the price the firm is making excess profit as shown below. It is only possible for the firm to be equilibrium. The short run without necessarily breaking even point. However, in the long run the firm will either make neither losses nor excess profit i.e. the break even point will be the equilibrium point for the firm as shown below. The supply of such a firm may be derived by the points of intersection of MC curve with the successive demand curve. Assuming that the market prices increase gradually the demand curve will tend to shift upwards. Given the slope of the MC curve is positive each higher demand curve cuts the given MC curve on a point which lies to the right of the previous intersection. This implies that the quantity supplied by firm increases as the price increases. (Eaton, Diane and Douglas, 2002 pp.85) Changing from perfect competition to a monopoly that changes a single price will have associated implications to the firm. This is because as a monopoly market the market structure will consist of one single firm that will deal with products that have no close substitute, there will be no free entry of into the market and the firm will be a price maker meaning that the amount sold in the market will depend on the price Q = F (P) The monopolist will have a normal demand curve Q = a - b P with an option of making either of the following two decisions: (1) the price - in this case the quantity will be determined by the customer (2) the quantity- in this case the price will be determined by the future of demand and supply in the market The demand is equal to the average revenue (P = AR) for the monopolist since: Q = a - b P b p = a - q P = a - Q or a - 1____ ____ ____ Q b b b TR = P Q but P = a - 1____ ____ Q b b AR = TR = (a/b) Q - (1/b) Q2 = (a/b) - (1-b) Q thus P = AR ________________ Q They all have a common intercept (a/b) with the MR curve being twice as steep as the AR or the Demand

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Land Law - Essay Example One such attempt is the Land Registration Act 2002 which was seen as the successor of the Land Registration Act 1925 (Francis, 2013).1 The land registration Act of 2002 was based on the earlier UK land laws such as the land registration Act of 1925. Although the Land Registration Act 2002 meant to improve on the issues of the Land Registration Act 1925, it still has many issues which would need to be taken care of. Critics see the Land Registration Act 2002 as still based on archaic property ownership principles, making it hard for the Land Registration Act 2002 to be able to solve modern challenges of property ownership. Some of the issues with Land registration Act 2002 are as follows; Under the Land Registration Act 2002, landlords have a header time dealing with registrations issues. This is especially while dealing with tenants who are not represented by a legal professional. To avoid issues, most landlords will have to avoid leasing their land for more than seven years. The Land Registration Act 2002 also requires that land owners and leasers to unregister any leases once they expire. The issue with this is the fact that most small scale owners may not be careful enough to waste their time to go unregistered expired leases. This means that the Land Register will not have data that completely reflects the status of land ownership because expired leases, which have not been unregistered from the land register, will be seen as still active. This is similar with so many other issues in the land registry that fail to give a more accurate situation of the land ownership in the country. The Land Registration Act 2002 introduced a major problem with regard to the way the land is registered. For instance, the act allows for anyone to object to a registration as long as he has a reliable ground. While this is intended to solve some ownership problems, the issue with it is that people of ill will can use it to thwart land ownership by other people. This is

The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale written by author Geoffrey Essay

The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale written by author Geoffrey Chaucer - Essay Example He identifies shortcomings in the society in his impeccable style and hits out without hurting. His criticism of that era holds well in the present times. Chaucer’s writing style has a unique, humor-filled double meaning. Here is an example as to how he handles the pair of opposites, traps a negative thought within the positive. He blends his ideas with latent humor. â€Å"She used to weep if she saw a mouse Caught in a trap, if it were dead or bleeding And she had little dogs she would be feeding, With roasted flesh, or milk, or fine white bread, And bitterly she wept if one were dead Or someone took a stick and made it smart, She was all sentiment and tender heart.†(p.7) The female character that defies the established role-model of a woman of the 14th Century: The Wife, for example, is a tough female character but the reader is unable to gauge whether she is feminist or anti-feminist due to the style in which Chaucer deals with her character. This is his unique way o f writing, whether he is making jest or quite serious while highlighting the traits. An author may be crafty, yet one cannot sweep under the carpet one’s own views, while making the characters speak on some issue and Chaucer is no exception to this rule. Chaucer has brought all his administrative experience and his interaction with many types of people in the discharge of his duties in various capacities. Alisoun, the Wife of Bath, is an extraordinary character in medieval literature. She is over-confident and possesses all the negative tendencies like lust, masculine will, and will never allow men to dominate her. She believes that she is the creator of her own destiny. Chaucer gives such a confusing description about her traits, which has set a clash between the scholars whether she is feminist or anti-feminist. Unquestionably, The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece which he wrote around 1386.The stories in it are told by a group of people on pilgrimage to a h oly shrine in Canterbury. The book begins with the General Prologue, in which pilgrims are introduced with apt descriptions. Lively exchanges between the pilgrims add to the suspense and beauty of the stories. The stories are rendered highly interesting on account of the themes and subjects they tackle, in various literary genres. The Wife of Bath’s Tale a woman-special story, that gives extraordinary insight into the life and passions of a woman in the secular world. Chaucer is at his best in this story and he seems to enjoy the various issues related to women, which he has craftily tackled. Through the twists and turns and witty wordplay, he makes the story highly enjoyable for the reader. Theme--marriage roles and power: In this story Chaucer deals with two important themes relating to women. The first concerns marriage roles and power. The women of this story Alisoun, is aware of the utility of the body for access to power and control over men and to secure financial inde pendence which is an important part of the power of women. She has married not once, twice but five times. Her marriage number one was when she was twelve, to an older man but wealthy. She applied the body advantage principle

The Progressive Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Progressive Era - Essay Example The middle class, frightened by the economic unrest of the 1890's and the actions of giant business organizations, was more willing to accept progressive reforms than it had been earlier. After the quick victory in the Spanish-American War, there was a new feeling of confidence in the nation=s future. Progressivism had many aims. The general aims of Progressivism were as follows: to extend political democracy by shifting control of government from the political bosses and powerful industrialists to the people; to curb the power of big businessmen, in order to give greater economic opportunities to small business and labor; and to eliminate the social ills of society through needed reforms. Although the aims of Progressivism were shared by all Progressivists, support came from many different groups. Progressives came from both major parties, as well as from minor or third parties. Important political leaders in the movement included Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, and Governors Robert La Follette, Charles Evans Hughes, and Hiram Johnson. Support came from the farm, because the farmers wanted their problems to be recognized. Support came from artists and writers, who wrote stories about social ills. Progressivism accomplished many things. Political democracy was extended by initiative, referendum, recall, and the short ballot. The Seventeenth Amendment was passed and provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators. The Nineteenth Amendment gave the franchise to women to permit the selection of party candidates by registered voters. Many limitations and restrictions were placed on trusts. Monopolies were prosecuted and the Clayton Act was passed. The Federal Trade Commission Act was passed as well. Many laws which safeguarded labor and the public were enacted. More adequate factory and building inspection codes were adopted, greater provisions were made for sanitation and public health, and Congress enacted the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act which further improved the quality of foods. Perhaps the most dangerous beliefs of the progressive era may be the uncritical acceptance of the power of state to coerce individual behavior. The idea of individuality, which is vital for democracy, seemed, at times, to be threatened. This acceptance of the government's control over its nation's individuality opened the door for the surge of socialist views. The idea of a 'cooperative commonwealth' began to take it's roots in American society. (Dittmer, 12-22) Such socialist ideas and government control over individual behavior was very easy to sell to the poor working class, which made up a high percentage of America, who had become over-burdened by capitalist oppression. The government's ability to gain strength was looked upon by this class as the only way to control the overpowering private sector, which were the big-businesses. As Wilson stated 'Our duty [government] is to cleanse, to reconsider, to restore, to correct the evil without impairing the good, to purify and humaniz e every process of our common life without weakening or sentimentalizing it.' .In the idea of government controlling 'every process of our common life' lies a great danger; the control of government lying in the hands of the people, not the

Coursework on back pain Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On back pain - Coursework Example Acute low back pain usually refers to a period of less than two to four weeks. There are various diagnostic groupings for patients with low back pain. The classifications center on clinical findings, history of patient and response to treatment. Mechanical causes involving the spine are the etiology for most patients with acute low back pain. This is because of the weak link between symptoms, examination results, and anatomic change. Diagnosis of non-mechanical causes such as an infection or cancer has greater certainty but signifies a small portion of acute low back in primary care (Willis, 1999). A patient’s history and physical examination largely determines the extent to which a caregiver searches for a precise diagnosis. History and physical examination helps identify patient’s exposure to the risk of low back pain and those with neurologic compromise that warrants thorough evaluation and treatment. Furthermore, history and physical examination of patients helps in identifying issues that may affect choice of therapy or prolong pain (Swezey, 2006). Clinicians should follow relevant guidelines to boost the appropriateness of diagnostic testing in primary evaluation of patients with acute low back pain. A short physical exam is necessary since most patients do not report all symptoms or other risk issues relating to the low back pain. For instance, for efficient assessment, patients should be standing for posture, flexibility, and spine symmetry. On the other hand, assessment of the hip for range motion and pain is necessary for back pain with groin symptoms (Waddell, 1996). History and physical examination also helps in identification of patients at high risk for persistent symptoms due to psychological and social factors. For instance, histories of depression, substance abuse, or socio-economic status are consistent with persistence of low back pain. Early identification of these factors can boost the outcome of care. Some strategies

The Progressive Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Progressive Era - Essay Example The middle class, frightened by the economic unrest of the 1890's and the actions of giant business organizations, was more willing to accept progressive reforms than it had been earlier. After the quick victory in the Spanish-American War, there was a new feeling of confidence in the nation=s future. Progressivism had many aims. The general aims of Progressivism were as follows: to extend political democracy by shifting control of government from the political bosses and powerful industrialists to the people; to curb the power of big businessmen, in order to give greater economic opportunities to small business and labor; and to eliminate the social ills of society through needed reforms. Although the aims of Progressivism were shared by all Progressivists, support came from many different groups. Progressives came from both major parties, as well as from minor or third parties. Important political leaders in the movement included Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, and Governors Robert La Follette, Charles Evans Hughes, and Hiram Johnson. Support came from the farm, because the farmers wanted their problems to be recognized. Support came from artists and writers, who wrote stories about social ills. Progressivism accomplished many things. Political democracy was extended by initiative, referendum, recall, and the short ballot. The Seventeenth Amendment was passed and provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators. The Nineteenth Amendment gave the franchise to women to permit the selection of party candidates by registered voters. Many limitations and restrictions were placed on trusts. Monopolies were prosecuted and the Clayton Act was passed. The Federal Trade Commission Act was passed as well. Many laws which safeguarded labor and the public were enacted. More adequate factory and building inspection codes were adopted, greater provisions were made for sanitation and public health, and Congress enacted the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act which further improved the quality of foods. Perhaps the most dangerous beliefs of the progressive era may be the uncritical acceptance of the power of state to coerce individual behavior. The idea of individuality, which is vital for democracy, seemed, at times, to be threatened. This acceptance of the government's control over its nation's individuality opened the door for the surge of socialist views. The idea of a 'cooperative commonwealth' began to take it's roots in American society. (Dittmer, 12-22) Such socialist ideas and government control over individual behavior was very easy to sell to the poor working class, which made up a high percentage of America, who had become over-burdened by capitalist oppression. The government's ability to gain strength was looked upon by this class as the only way to control the overpowering private sector, which were the big-businesses. As Wilson stated 'Our duty [government] is to cleanse, to reconsider, to restore, to correct the evil without impairing the good, to purify and humaniz e every process of our common life without weakening or sentimentalizing it.' .In the idea of government controlling 'every process of our common life' lies a great danger; the control of government lying in the hands of the people, not the

Essay in 3 part Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

In 3 part - Essay Example I think education grooms a person, and if the education discipline is that in which one wants to pursue a career, then there remains practically nothing between success and the person, assuming he puts in all his efforts into his work. Studying business management would not only allow me to understand various theories that underpin how businesses are managed, but would also allow me to learn from real life experiences of people, that I could later use to my help when I start my career. Moreover, almost all business management courses have an internship requirement before graduation, and that I believe, is the perfect time when young business graduates get to apply theoretical knowledge at work and get hands on experience with real life scenarios. Once I get done with my Bachelors’ Degree in Business Management, I would have a lot of career opportunities lying in front of me. To start off with, I would ideally want to start my own company from scratch and take it to the verge of success. However, sometimes situations arise that cause a deviation from the prime plan; in these circumstances too I believe having studied business management I would be open to a wide array of jobs around the globe. A look down business management graduates tell us that they have been able to discover innumerable career opportunities in all fields of work, including accounting, finance, human resource, supply chain management and various others. In this section I would be comparing the university where I would be pursuing my education from, Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), against another university which teaches the discipline that I would be pursuing; Manchester Metropolitan University Coventry University (MMU). LJMU gives a rough timeline of completion of the BA Hons Degree in Business Management as three years, while CU also gives a similar time frame for degree completion. A look at the course structure of the two programs also proves that both of

Urban American Indian Youth Essay Example for Free

Urban American Indian Youth Essay Abstract This study focused on how a non-targeted group minority youth might or might not benefit from a prevention intervention focused on other cultural groups. The study specifically evaluated the effects of an evidence-based drug prevention curriculum with a sample of urban American Indian youth in the southwest U. S. , most of whom self-reported multi-ethnic heritages. This research examined the developmental trajectory of drug use for these youth, and compared it with the trajectory of youth from other racial/ethnic groups at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and two follow up time periods. Results indicated that alcohol and marijuana use increased from pre-intervention across subsequent time periods for all youth. The drug use of the American Indian youth in the treatment group increased on certain measures. They reported a steeper trajectory in the amount and frequency of alcohol and marijuana use compared to the youths in the treatment groups with other racial/ethnic identifications. Implications of these findings for the development of culturally grounded prevention programs for multi-ethnic, urban American Indian youth are discussed. Culturally specific, school-based drug prevention programs have been receiving increased attention in recent years. These programs are based on the premise that infusing youths culture into the content and format of the prevention message will reduce adolescent drug use (Kandel 1995). One such program, Keepin it R. E. A. L. , has achieved this by creating the curriculum from the developmental and cultural realities of Mexican American youth from the southwest United States (Gosin et al. 2003). To date, the program has been developed for and evaluated with primarily Mexican American youth (Kulis et al. 2005). Research has assessed the differences in program effectiveness by acculturation level among Mexican/Mexican Americans (Marsiglia et al. 2005) but has not closely examined the residual effects of this program among other minority youth populations (i. e. , the programs effects on non-targeted minority youth populations). In what ways might this program impact the drug use of minority youth who are not Mexican American? How might these effects compare with the treatment effects of the program for Mexican American and European American youth? Drug Prevention Programming for American Indian Youth There have been substantial efforts in recent years toward the development of drug prevention programs focused on American Indian youth. For example, Marlatt et al. (2003) described the development of the Journeys of the Circle Project, which is a culturally congruent life skills course targeted toward Northwestern American Indian youth. Similarly, Schinke et al. (2000) implemented and evaluated a culturally tailored life skills intervention with American Indian youth from 10 reservations in North and South Dakota, Idaho, Montana, and Oklahoma. Aside from the research conducted by Schinke and colleagues, however, the majority of prevention efforts with American Indian youth have not been rigorously evaluated for efficacy (Beauvais and Trimble 2003; Hawkins et al. 2004). Beauvais and Trimble stated that most of the prevention research with American Indian youth has focused largely on commentary and recommendations and not on the science of prevention (p. 397). However, while there are relatively few evaluation studies focused specifically on drug use and American Indian youth, there have been ongoing efforts related to culturally specific drug prevention programs for minority youth in general. Related to this research is the debate as to whether prevention programs need to be culturally grounded, that is, developed from the cultural values and variability inherent within each culture, or if they can be culturally adapted, that is, modified from universal prevention programs originally developed for non-Hispanic European American populations (Hecht et al.2003). Each of these approaches has implications toward the fidelity and fit of prevention interventions (Castro et al. 2004). Further, culturally focused prevention curricula range in ethnic specificity; some are highly specific (e. g. , Hecht et al. 2003) while others are more broadly targeted for minority youth (e. g. , Botvin et al. 1997). In sum, there is much left to learn about the degree of cultural specificity required for positive prevention effects with minority youth. The Keepin it R. E. A. L. Curriculum Keepin it R. E. A. L. is a culturally grounded, video-enhanced prevention intervention that was developed and normed from the narratives of Latino, African American, and Euro American youth (Gosin et al. 2003), and validated with teacher and student feedback (Gosin et al. 2003. ; Harthun et al. 2002). It has been identified as a Model Program by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA; U. S. Department of Health and Human Services [DHHS] n. d. ), which is a designation given by the organization to effective programs that have been evaluated using rigorous standards of research. The 10-lesson curriculum was designed for use with middle school students (6th, 7th, and 8th graders), and draws from a variety of theoretical frameworks, such as communication competence theory (Spitzberg and Cupach 1984) and ecological risk and resiliency theory (Bogenschneider 1996). The curriculum situates these frameworks within the unique geographic and cultural contexts of Latino, African American, and European American youth in the southwest United States. The primary focus of the program is on teaching drug resistance skills using four strategies: refuse, explain, avoid, and leave (Hecht et al.2003). Refuse consists of statements of saying no to substance use offers, while explain consists of more elaborate reasons for refusing these offers. Avoid refers to avoiding situations where drugs and alcohol might be present, and leave refers to leaving the environment once the youth encounters substance use (Hecht et al. 2003). The cultural specificity of the program components is based on prior research, which found ethnic differences in common communication styles, competencies, and norms (Hecht and Ribeau 1984; Hecht et al.1990) and drug use contexts (Gosin et al. 2003). Based on this research, three versions of the curriculum have been developed: 1) A Latino version, which primarily reflects Mexican American and Mexican values (e. g. , familismo, or family orientation), 2) A Non-Latino version, grounded primarily in European American and African American values, and 3) A Multicultural version, which combines half of the lessons from the Latino version and half of the lessons from the non-Latino version (Hecht et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005). An example of an objective from the Latino version of the curriculum is for the student to recognize what he/she does affects his/her community, group, and family, while an objective from the Non-Latino version is for the student to recognize what he/she does may have favorable or unfavorable consequences on his/her own future goals (Gosin et al. 2003, p. 128). The in-class curriculum was supplemented with a media campaign, consisting of television, radio, and billboard advertisements that reinforced the four strategies (refuse, explain, avoid, and leave) and follow-up booster activities such as school assemblies, poster projects, murals, and essay contests (Kulis et al. 2005). Research evaluating the curriculum found that the use of alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana increased over time for students who received any version of the intervention and students in the control group; however, the increase was significantly less for students in the intervention group (Hecht et al.2003). This effect was particularly salient for alcohol use (Gosin et al. 2003; Hecht et al. 2003). Further, the intervention students perceived significantly smaller increases in their peers substance use compared with those in the control group (DHHS n. d. ; Hecht et al. 2003). Past research suggests differential effects of each version of the program, with the Latino and Multicultural versions of the intervention providing more benefits to Mexican/Mexican American students (Gosin et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005) and the overall sample (Hecht et al. 2003). However, while versions of the curriculum that incorporated aspects of culture (the Latino and Multicultural Versions) were found to impact a wider array of substance use and attitudinal outcomes in the desirable direction than did the Non-Latino version, tests of strict cultural matching of program content with the students racial/ethnic backgrounds did not produce statistically significant differences (Hecht et al.2003; Kulis et al. 2005). In other words, these studies did not find that Mexican/Mexican American students receiving the Latino version of the curriculum demonstrated better overall outcomes than those receiving other versions of the curriculum. This finding is significant, because it provides support for prevention programs that broadly target minority youth, rather than those that are ethnic-specific. Subsequently, the strength of culturally grounded prevention programs may lie in their ability to reflect regionally-specific multicultural environments, rather than specific ethnic groups. In order to examine this hypothesis, we chose to examine the programs efficacy with another predominant minority cultural group in the southwest U. S. To date, no studies of Keepin it R. E. A. L. have examined the residual effects of the program among youth who were not Latino, African American, or Euro American. Perhaps this programs strength lies in its ability to integrate multiculturalism into drug prevention, defined as the inclusion of cultural values from all groups participating in the prevention program (Green 1999), rather than its cultural specificity related to drug use prevention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the curriculum on urban American Indian youth of the southwest in order to examine this hypothesis more closely. The study presented here involved a reanalysis of data that was previously reported (Gosin et al.2003; Hecht et al. 2003; Kulis, et al. 2005; Marsiglia et al. 2005). However, this study differs from previous studies because it tests the generalizability of the culturally enhanced versions of the curriculum with American Indian youth. This is accomplished through the use of growth curve modeling to examine the developmental trajectory of drug use among youth who participated in Keepin it R. E. A. L. While previous evaluations of the Keepin it R. E. A. L. curriculum support its efficacy with specific groups of racial/ethnic adolescents (Hecht et al. 2003; Kulis et al.2005; Marsiglia et al. 2005), the current study suggests that the program may have limited effectiveness in curbing the drug use of American Indian youth. Despite the current studys limitations, our findings have implications for the development of culturally grounded prevention programs in schools, reservation, and non-reservation communities for American Indian youth and for other minority youth populations. Our findings suggest that American Indian youth may require drug prevention curricula that are specific to their developmental and cultural realities. In order to effectively address drug use among American Indian youth, prevention researchers and specialists may need to focus on creating and/or modifying drug prevention programs in order to address the daily traditions, cultures, and values of American Indian youth. References 1. Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E. (Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E. (2003). The effectiveness of alcohol and drug abuse prevention among American-Indian youth. In Z. Sloboda W. J. Bukoski (Eds. ), Handbook of drug abuse prevention: Theory, science, and practice (pp. 393-410). New York: Kluwer. 2. Botvin, G. J. , Epstein, J. A. , Baker, E., Diaz, T. , Ifill-Williams, M. (1997). School-based drug abuse prevention with inner-city minority youth. Journal of Child Adolescent Substance Abuse, 6, 5-19. 3. Castro, F. G. , Barrera, M. , Martinez, C. R. (2004). The cultural adaptation of prevention interventions: Resolving tensions between fidelity and fit. Prevention Science, 5, 41-45. 4. Hecht, M. L. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Elek, E. , Wagstaff, D. A. , Kulis, S. , Dustman, P. , Miller-Day, M. (2003). Culturally grounded substance use prevention: An evaluation of the keepin it R. E. A. L. curriculum. Prevention Science, 4, 233-248. 5. Kandel, D. B. (1995). Ethnic differences in drug use: Patterns, paradoxes. In G. J. Botvin, S. Schinke, M. A. Orlandi (Eds. ), Drug abuse prevention with multiethnic youth (pp. 81-104). Thousand Oaks: Sage. 6. Gosin, M. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Hecht, M. L. (2003). keepinit R. E. A. L. : A drug resistance curriculum tailored to the strengths and needs of pre-adolescents of the southwest. Journal of Drug Education, 33, 119-142. 7. Kulis, S. , Marsiglia, F. F. , Elek, E. , Dustman, P. , Wagstaff, D. A. , Hecht, M. L. (2005). Mexican/Mexican American adolescents and keepin in R. E. A. L. : An evidence-based, substance use prevention program. Children and Schools, 27, 133-145. 8. Marlatt, G. A. , Larimer, M. E. , Mail, P. D. , Hawkins, E. H. , Cummins, L. H. , Blume, A. W. , et al. (2003). Journeys of the circle: A culturally congruent life skills intervention for adolescent Indian drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 1-3. 9. Schinke, S. P. , Orlandi, M. A. , Botvin, G. J. , Gilchrist, L. D. , Trimble, J. E. , Locklear, V. S. (1988). Preventing substance abuse among American Indian adolescents: A bicultural competence skills approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 87-90. 1. 1. Beauvais, F. , Trimble, J. E.

The Success of the Bonifacio Global City

The Success of the Bonifacio Global City Bonifacio Global City is developed by Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation (FBDC), now managed by the powerhouse partnership of Ayala Land, Inc., Evergreen Holdings, Inc. (Campos Group) and the Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA). Ayala Land has a track record of creating and sustaining successful business districts and large-scale integrated communities, including the Makati Central Business District. The Campos Group has real estate expertise and financial muscle. It has various property developments in the Edsa-Central area as well as in Laguna. BCDA, with its continuous commitment to the whole area and being the original land owner, completes the successful partnership. Together, the partners lend FBDC the stability and wealth of experience in real estate development as seen in the success of the Bonifacio Global City. History Bonifacio Global City was once part of the 2,578-hectare property of Taguig that the United States Government acquired in 1902 when the Philippines was under the American Colonial Rule. The United States acquisition was turned into a military base and was named Fort McKinley after the 25th US President, William McKinley, who was responsible for the colonization of the Philippines. Fort McKinley became the headquarters of the 10,000 strong Philippine Scouts, which was the Philippine Division of the United States Army. In 1949, three years after the Philippines gained its political independence from the United States, Fort McKinley was turned over to the Philippine Government by virtue of the United States Embassy Note No. 0570. In 1957, Fort McKinley was made the permanent headquarters of the Philippine Army and was renamed Fort Bonifacio after the Father of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Andres Bonifacio, who organized what is effectively the first Philippine Armed Forces and whose father, Santiago Bonifacio, was a native of Tipas, Taguig. In 1992, an approximately 240-hectare portion of Fort Bonifacio was turned over to the Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA). BCDA was created by virtue of Republic Act 7227, otherwise known as the Bases Conversion and Development Act of 1992, and signed into law by then President Corazon C. Aquino to facilitate the conversion of former US military bases and Metro Manila camps into productive civilian use. Three years later, Bonifacio Land Corporation, a consortium led by Metro Pacific, made a successful bid to become BCDAs partner in the development of the 240-hectare property, which was named Bonifacio Global City. The partnership was dubbed the Deal of the Century because Bonifacio Global City was sold at a staggering price of Php 333,283.88 per square meter, with proceeds amounting to Php 30.4 billion. BCDA and the Metro Pacific-led consortium subsequently created the Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation (FBDC) to oversee the master planning of Bonifacio Global City. FBDC was the largest corporation registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission in 1992, with a paid-up capital of Php 71.227 billion. The sale channeled Php 25.8 billion cash to government coffers and ballooned property values in the vicinity overnight. In 2003, Ayala Land, Inc. and Evergreen Holdings, Inc. of the Campos Group purchased a controlling stake in Bonifacio Land Corporation from Metro Pacific. As major partners in FBDC, the two companies, along with BCDA, now shape the vision of this premier business district into the home of passionate minds, where technology meets aesthetics. Ownership Structure The Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation (FBDC) is the main developer of Bonifacio Global City, a 240 hectare world-class business district at the heart of Taguig City. Backing the FBDC in pursuing the ambitious project are the Bases Conversion Development Authority and the formidable consortium of Ayala Land, Inc. (ALI) and Evergreen Holdings, Inc. of the Campos Group, who jointly completed the acquisition of a controlling interest of FBDC in 2003. The Ayala-Campos group brings to FBDC a wealth of real estate experience and aims to replicate the success of the development in the Makati Central Business District. ALI has a track record for creating and sustaining successful business districts and large-scale integrated communities while the Campos Group, through its real estate arm, Greenfield Development Corporation, has various property developments in the EDSA-Central Area and Laguna. Access and Location Bonifacio Global City is positioned to be a natural extension of Makati Central Business District because of its proximity to such. It is conveniently located in the forward-looking city of Taguig, between the business hubs of Makati and Ortigas Centers. It is directly linked to Manilas two major thoroughfares: EDSA and C-5 highways. It is also easily linked to other major business centers in the country and the world as it is located close to the Manila domestic and international airports. All roads lead to home it is accessible via seven access point: The Kalayaan Avenue from the North, the Kalayaan Flyover via EDSA and Makati, McKinley Road from the West, the three gates from C-5 Highway from the east, and via the Airport through Villamor Air Base from the south. Strategic Location Bonifacio Global City (BGC) is conveniently located in the progressive city of Taguig, between the business hubs of Makati and Ortigas Center. Because of its proximity to the Makati Central Business District, BGC is touted to be a natural extension of the Makati Central Business District. BGC is surrounded by the adjacent cities of Pasig to the Northeast across C5 Highway, Makati to the West and Northwest, and Pasay to the Southwest and Paraà ±aque to the South across South Super Highway. The city is directly linked to Manilas two main thoroughfares EDSA and C5 Highways and is accessible via seven access points: The Kalayaan Avenue from the North, the Kalayaan Flyover via EDSA and Makati McKinley Road from the West, the three gates from C5 Highway from the East, and via the airport through Villamor Airbase from the South. In addition, its proximity to the South Luzon Expressway brings the industrial zones of Muntinlupa, Canlubang, and Laguna makes it an ideal location. Residential subdivisions in Makati and Alabang are also within easy reach. Easy Airport Access Serving as Manilas gateway to the world, Bonifacio Global City (BGC) is easily linked to other major business centers in the country, as it is located close to the Manila domestic and international airports. However, despite its proximity to the airport, BGC does not directly lie under the airplane flight path and is not subject to heavy noise exposure. Superior Masterplan The new masterplan of the city center Bonifacio Global City (BGC) was designed by Ayala Land planners and top US-based consultants. The 240-hectare gross land area is composed of 88% mixed-use, with 34% devoted to open spaces. BGC is a dynamic and self-contained pedestrian-friendly city. A fine-grained network of pedestrian ways that connect to transit and parking are made available. The citys grid design provides ease in navigation and uncomplicated access to residential, commercial, and business centers. The 33 grid system provides efficient traffic and easily understandable circulation and access to individual properties and to public parking from all points of entry to BGC. Every area in BGC is designed to enhance the quality of life while providing a relaxed environment at the same time. Each piece of property in BGC is a prime lot that faces either a main thoroughfare or open greenery. Landscaped parks provide refreshing air while featuring world-renowned local art on display, bringing a sense of culture and style. Water pipes, communication cables, electricity lines, and LPG gas lines all remain underground to preserve the landscape and view. Zones Encouraging balance between work and life, the well-planned zoning masterplan of Bonifacio Global City (BGC) puts equal emphasis on business, commercial, civic, culture and family activities. Every area is designed to enhance the quality of life. With the ingenious re-design of the City Center, each piece of property in its four zones faces either a main thoroughfare or open greenery. A network of retail promenades, paseos and plazas will form an integral part in BGSs physical core. City That Works Technology meets aesthetics in Bonifacio Global City (BGC). BGC is an intelligent hub, where transportation, communication, estate services and security are delivered reliably and seamlessly, leaving residents and visitors alike to do what they do best. BGC boasts of a new masterplan that involves a major re-design of the amenities and features of its 36-hectare City Center to make it more efficient and attuned to a new standard of living. It is truly for the people on the cutting edge. Density-Controlled Development Protecting the value and attractiveness of Bonifacio Global City is the Design Standards and Guidelines (DSG) and Declaration of Covenants, Conditions and Restrictions (CCR). They are also used to standardize the developments within the city. Density is controlled to support a well-planned community and ensure that utilities are adequate to service the developments. The measure of density used is the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) (see illustration on the right). FARs range from 6 to 18. However, retail components are allowed only up to a maximum of FAR 3 for Mixed-Use lots, while buildings with residential components must have a minimum of FAR 4. Grid of Streets and Blocks Grid of streets and blocks that allow efficient circulation. 33 grid system provides efficient traffic and easily understandable circulation and access to individual properties and to public parking from all points of entry to BGC. Pedestrian Friendly A fine-grained network of pedestrian ways that connect to transit and parking, the pedestrian-friendly design is based on efficient and easily understandable circulation and access to individual properties and to public parking from all points of entry to Bonifacio Global City. Public Transport Managed by Bonifacio Transport Corporation, the multimodal public transport system connects Bonifacio Global City to the Metro Rail Transit and other commercial and business districts. With transit stops in strategic points around Bonifacio Global City, residents and visitors can never run out of places to go in BGC. Services and Utilities The vision and attention to detail with which Bonifacio Global City was developed is not only visible in its structures, but it also permeates into its high-quality services and utilities. Services Bonifacio Estate Services Corporation, under the supervision of Ayala Property Management Corporation, handles the estate services of Bonifacio Global City. Guards patrol the grounds 24 hours a day. Business owners and residents may call the Police / Security Assistance Center regarding any safety concern and get an immediate response. The Police / Security Assistance Center also apprehended more than 2,000 traffic violators, ensuring safety and order in the community since 2002. Quick response to medical emergencies and accidents are in place. The Bonifacio Global City Emergency Response Team (ERT) has responded to 228 emergency patients and three actual fire incidents in the area. To date, it has conducted seven emergency evacuation drills. A state-of-the-art ambulance is available for the quick transfer of patients needing hospital care. As proof of its competence in promoting safety in the community, the Bonifacio Global Citys ERT won 1strunner-up in the 2ndNational Vertical Fire Competition during the 16thIndustrial / Commercial Safety Competition held last March 11, 2006. And also in 2006, at the height of super typhoonMilenyo,the ERT was quick to respond in addressing the extensive damage brought about by the calamity. Fallen trees were re-rooted, traffic and streelights were repaired, roads were cleared of debris, and normal operations in Bonifacio Global City were resumed, all in a matter of two days. The ERT also lent assistance to nearby Barangay Forbes in clearing portions of McKinley Avenue. Other accomplishments of the BGCEA include: Repainting of 35km of street curbs Installation of traffic lights within BGC Construction of pedestrian lanes Repair and restoration of asphalted roads Planting of 89 Royal Palm Trees Landscaping upkeep and maintenance of the whole of BGC In-house nursery Utilities Water Drainage Residents and tenants of Bonifacio Global City enjoy uninterrupted water supply and consistent water pressure. Large water reservoirs assure strong water pressure 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The water and sewage system is managed by Bonifacio Water Corporation. Because of its commitment to safe and efficient wastewater disposal, Bonifacio Water Corporation has fully integrated sewage collection, treatment and disposal facilities. An underground drainage detention structure is in place to prevent floods in Bonifacio Global City. The structure can hold 22 million liters of water and release it under controlled conditions. Cylindrical, heavy and bulky Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) tanks have become a thing of the past in Bonifacio Global City. Residents no longer need to purchase these tanks as LPG is distributed in residential units through an underground piping system by Bonifacio Gas Corporation, which is managed by Pilipinas Shell. This system assures residents of a steady and constant supply of LPG, and residents consumption is metered. Not only is this more convenient, but it also eliminates the dangers of leaking regulators and tanks. This system assures residents of a steady and constant supply of LPG, and residents consumption is metered. Not only is this more convenient, but it also eliminates the dangers of leaking regulators and tanks. Some building owners in Bonifacio Global City have also started using LPG to power their air-conditioning systems, enabling them to save on their electricity bills. They are also now unaffected by power service interruptions and no longer have to make do with generators during power outages. Electric Power Electric power is supplied through underground lines. Meralco will construct power substations to ensure continuous supply in Bonifacio Global City. Residents need not worry about power interruptions, outages, or fluctuations, as the supply is meticulously monitored and maintained. Fiber Optic Cable Network The fiber optic cabling network supports a wide range of telephone, video and data applications. This enables residents and tenants to access information more efficiently and at better connection speeds. All cabling is done through underground infrastructure so there are no unsightly lines that contrast with the view. Bonifacio Global City Estate Association (BGCEA) To continue building a city that is at once a destination, an experience, and a way of life is the goal of the Bonifacio Global City Estate Association (BGCEA). These are the words of BGCEA President Vincent Y. Tan, and they sum up the passion with which BGCEA pursues its vision. Comprised of owners, lessees and occupants of property in Bonifacio Global City (BGC), BGCEA provides the proactive and dynamic leadership necessary for BGC to sustain development and achieve its goals. They ensure that what they do today redounds to the greater good of the community and its sustainability in the future, regardless of whatever challenges the future may bring. BGCEA continues to advocate environmental protection and awareness, as well as to promote camaraderie among residents and tenants. BGC seeks to enable investors to experience business and economic opportunities in a world-class setting. Through the leadership of BGCEA, it continues to establish itself as the premier modern business district, where efficiency, creativity, and quality are its hallmarks, and where passion finds a home. City with a Soul Few places can boast of both vision and passion. Bonifacio Global City is a place which exudes vision and inspiration to those who call it home. A sprawling cosmopolis of offices, residential, commercial and mixed-use projects, this city of the future fuses convenience with comfort, where individuals can blend fast-paced activities and easy lifestyles. Landscaping The landscaping of Bonifacio Global City is the product of careful planning and the latest technology. The latest technology and modern city planning bring five-star comforts and conveniences closer to home, proof that the future has indeed arrived here. Its contemporary high-rise office and residential buildings, new retail outlets, pedestrian-friendly roads and walkways speak of a dynamic, spirited lifestyle. Not wanting to build a typical concrete-and-steel real estate jungle, the Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation developed a cosmopolis with greenery, trees and parks, true to its vision of a space where people can enjoy both work and play. The open spaces and clean environs enable residents and tenants to go about their activities without worrying about pollution. The design concept is based on landscaped areas around which mixed-use neighborhoods will emerge, and everywhere one turns, the view of the city exudes vibrancy and life. Public Art Bonifacio Global City has a Public Art Program aimed to enhance its aesthetic quality and give it a distinct character and style. The Public Art Program is managed by Bonifacio Arts Foundation, Inc. (BAFI) and funded by all the lot buyers / owners in Bonifacio Global City. A drive through the city streets reveals prominently displayed art works, which are as varied as the passions of the artists who made them. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=60type=2.1.jpg Ang Supremo,which is Ben-Hur G. Villanuevas tribute to Andres Bonifacio, immortalizes the working class heros struggle for the nations freedom. The three-meter tall brass and bronze statue is a silent testament to an inspiring historical figure for which the city is named. Other art pieces can be found at Bonifacio High Street. All five art pieces are interactive making Bonifacio High Street an exciting destination for everyone. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=61type=2.1.jpg Balanghaiby Leo Gerardo Leonardo, with three paddles representing Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, is a kinetic sculpture which moves with the wind. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=62type=2.1.jpg The Treesby Reynato Paz Contreras is a canopy of three interlocking trees, a testament to Mother Earth herself. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=63type=2.1.jpg Kasaysayan Bawat Orasby Juan Sajid de Leon Imao is a 16-meter brass and cement sculpture, which is also a sundial with seven paper like dolls representing the 7,100 islands of the Philippines. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=64type=2.1.jpg Kasalikasan(a play onkasali ka sa kalikasan, or you are part of nature), is Jerry Araos respite to worn out city souls. Kasalikasan is a garden where one can commune with Nature, or to have small gatherings or private parties. For inquiries on the rental of Kasalikasan, please contact Marilou Velez at 818.3601 loc 3201. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=65type=2.1.jpg Transformationby Architect Lor Calma is a breathtaking, grand sculpture of three stacked laminated glasses, 5 to 10 meters tall. At night, it is internally lit and set in cascading water from a fountain pool. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=66type=2.1.jpg Pasasalamat, along Rizal Drive, is Ferdie Cacnios brass representation of two fishermens humble expression of gratitude to the Almighty for a bountiful harvest. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=161type=2.1.jpg Specific Gravityby Reg Yuson is a suspended boulder fountain which orchestrates the connection between the audience as a mobile participant and their primordial affinity to gravity a seemingly weak though strong force which defines the visible world as we know it. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=162type=2.1.jpg Hearsayby Reg Yuson is a pun on the Filipinos penchant for news heard from the grapevine. It is an installation of twisted pipes connected below the ground which can be used as a playful tool to communicate. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=163type=2.1.jpg Bearable Lightnessby Reg Yuson and Ronald Achacoso is a collaborative artwork between painter Ronald Achacoso and sculptor Reg Yuson. It is a cantilevered structure with centrifugal patterns of elementary colors suggesting a state of perpetual lightness merging the properties of painting and sculpture that capriciously invite the audience to climb on top of the platform and interact with the structure to imbibe in sensations relating to the tensions between gravity and weightlessness, surface and depth. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=164type=2.1.jpg Tinstaej #85 by Conrado Velasco is nicknamed wee beastie by the artist, derived from his on-going art series entitled Tinstaej (There Is No Such Thing As Endless Joy). The image resembles a silhouette of a teddy bear. http://www.fbdcorp.com/image.php?id=165type=2.1.jpg Presenceby Reg Yuson is an installation of 20 free-standing floor chimes. The idea is to nudge the individual chimes to produce sounds to invite good vibes that can fill up the park. Bonifacio Global Citys public arts program also includes art tours for residents and school children. In April 2002, the BAFI Dance Group was launched to fuse the creative efforts of performing artists, underprivileged children and members of the Taguig community. Bonifacio Global Citys public arts program truly nurtures the creative spirit. Here art is not treated as a separate entity, but rather as a way of life. For more information, please call the Bonifacio Art Foundation Inc. at 818-3601 loc. 3201 or 3202 and look for Ms. Marilou Velez. Community Facility In response to the need for a venue for various community gatherings, Bonifacio Global City Estate Association, Inc. (BGCEA) offers function rooms in the newly renovated Community Facility located at the Bonifacio South area. Association members can choose between air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned function rooms which can be rented at reasonable hourly rates. Directory of Locators Strategically located between Makati and Ortigas, Bonifacio Global City is an emerging business landscape which hosts many of the countrys top corporations and multinationals. It is a bustling, dynamic community where anything and everything one needs are just a few minutes away. Commercial The Fort is one of the favorite hang out places in Metro Manila, and home to some of the citys most popular night spots and fine dining restaurants. Celebrities and socialites frequentEmbassy, and upscale club and restaurant.Pier Oneoffers a more laid-back atmosphere where one can hang out with friends.Popular events such as product launches and concerts are held atNBC Tent. Those looking for a place to dine can indulge themselves inLe Souffle, Prince of Jaipur, Good Earth, Gourdos, and La Opera. The Stopover is Bonifacio Global Citys convenience hub. The shops here cater to the daily essentials of both city visitors and tenants. Fill your prescription at South Star Drug of refuel your car at Pilipinas Shell. Grab a burger and fries meal at Jollibee, a cup of joe at Starbucks coffee, or a bottle of wine at Ralphs Wines. The Fort Palm Springs Office, Forum.Fort, and Office Ko To are also located at Stopover. Other food chains include Pizza Hut, Chow King, Pancake House, Bacolod Chicken, Pho Bac, Reyes Barbecue, Gloria Jeans Coffee and Nacho Fast. BPI Family Bank and PSBank are also open for the banking needs. Those who are building their dream homes will delight in the extensive selections at MC Home Depot and Price Smart/SR, and families and barkadas will love the great buys at the bazaars of Market! Market, while car aficionados can check out the Car Plaza, as well as the showrooms of Mercedes Benz, Ford, and Honda. The business and leisure landscape here is truly diverse and extensive, and only Bonifacio Global City offers a balanced lifestyle where people can work and play with passion. BONIFACIO HIGH STREET Bonifacio High Street is a one of a kind promenade located in the City Center of Bonifacio Global City, whose anchor is its 40-meter wide and almost a kilometer long activity park. It starts with a sleek mix of unique and authentic restaurants and retail shops found at Serendra, then crosses to a twin boulevard of popular restaurants and rows of flagship stores of various brands, which stretches all the way to Third Avenue. Well-designed corporate office spaces are also found at the second floor of Bonifacio High Street, overlooking the open-air activity park below. Being the central point of the development transversing from east to west Bonifacio High Street is the heart and mind of Bonifacio Global City, allowing business and pleasure to converge in a truly refreshing and vibrant environment. Residential The various residential buildings in Bonifacio Global City are based on the concept of providing urban dwellers freedom of choices to fit different lifestyles. These buildings include Serendra, Bonifacio Ridge, Pacific Plaza, Essensa, Kensington, Blue Sapphire, Regent Parkway, Luxe Residences, South of Market, and Infinity, among others. A residence in Bonifacio Global City not only puts one in the center of a thriving business district, but also allows the enjoyment of first class facilities, convenience, and prestige. Offices Many top companies and multinationals call Bonifacio Global City home. HSBC Centre, Del Monte Philippines, HanjinPhil Headquarters, Steel Asia, GE Money, GE Philippines, Intel Philippines, Sony, and Community Innovations are just some of the citys corporate tenants. The Chancery of Singapore is also moving into Bonifacio Global City. Schools and Other Institutions International schools such as the Japanese School, British School, and International School Manila are located in Bonifacio Global City further enriching the citys multi-cultural community. The world-class 600-bed St. Lukes Medical Center is expected to serve the public by third quarter of 2009. FBDC Projects Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation (FBDC) continues to invigorate the landscape of Bonifacio Global City (BGC) with world-class projects. After completing various residential and office building projects such as the Bonifacio Technology Center, Bonifacio Ridge, and the HSBC Centre, FBDC will soon bring to Bonifacio Global City The Mind Museum. The Mind Museum, the first state-of-the-art interactive science museum in the country, is envisioned to be a venue where visitors will be fascinated with science. It is also slated to open by 2010. With these world-class developments and other future projects that will complement the current offerings of Bonifacio Global City, FBDC has truly made Bonifacio Global City a premier central business district and the home of passionate minds. Master Plan of Bonifacio Global City The Bonifacio Global City (BGC) is a cosmopolis of offices, residential areas, commercial blocks, and civic centers that look good on the asset sheet as they do on the land. With the ingenious re-design of the City Center, the entire BGC district takes on a dramatic increase in the land value. Each piece of property is designed to enhance the quality of life; envisioned to be appreciated and to appreciate for years to come. Fort BOnifacio 001.jpg The City Center 36 Hectares of prime property located at the heart of Bonifacio Global City 3.5 Hectares of the 36 hectares are dedicated to landscaped areas Along major roads, 32ndstreet on the north, 5thavenue on the west, 26thstreet on the south and 11thavenue on the east. Serves as a strong anchor within Bonifacio Global City with retail, office, civic and social activities Highlighted by the Bonifacio High Street, a 40-meter wide 1 kilometer length of pedestrian super highway stretching from east to west, with wide open parks, interactive artworks, specialty food outlets, and brand shops. E-Square Located along major roads: 32ndstreet and 5thAvenue Convenient Access to Makati via Kalayaan Fly-over Accredited by PEZA, allowing PEZA-registered companies to avail of tax incentives and other benefits With various developments already existing and ongoing Includes the 2.7 hectare Jose Y. Campos Park (formerly Crescent West Park), which provides open spaces and parking areas. Bonifacio South Located at the entrance of Bonifacio Global City from McKinley Road Along a major road, McKinley Parkway, with rear access from 21stdrive and 26thStreet Provides a relaxing view of Manila Golf Fairways and Forbes Park Subdivision Home to luxury residential towers, Essensa, Regent Parkway and South of Market, among others Easy access to the airport via Lawton Road Bonifacio Triangle Bonifacio Global Citys gateway to the north, with easy access to Makati and Ortigas Central Business Districts Close to high-end international schools and right across the Japanese School Along main roads: Kalayaan Avenue and University Parkway Lower density given lower FAR and surrounding low-rise institutions

The Dance of The Body without Organs Essay -- Electronics Essays

The Dance of The Body without Organs My current project employs the concept of the Body w/o Organs as a model of artistic process to undermine social, scientific, and political hierarchies used in organizing our states of consciousness and embodiment. By arriving at a location of stillness, or â€Å"zero intensity† through this process of dislocating normative structures; new structures, configurations, and organizations will emerge that reflect local, emotional, or irrational consistencies. The project exists in several instantiations, including immersive virtual environments, networked art, 3-D modeling, and texts. Body w/o Organs, Deleuze and Guattari, Artaud, Virtual Reality, Virtual Environment, Irrationality, Surrealism, Visible Human Project 1.0 Situating Subjectivity â€Å"My mind became a place of refuge, an sanctuary, a room I could enter with no fear of invasion. My mind became a site of resistance.† (hooks, 1991) Located as a privileged subject relative to race and gender; I am at a transitional place regarding power relations. My upbringing as a white male of a middle class family in a line of Scottish farmers immigrating to the rural Midwestern US roots me in the blood-soaked soil of the Klu Klux Klan. I was born and raised 20 years after and 30 miles from Marion, Indiana, site of countless barbaric lynchings of African Americans. My sympathies betrayed the hegemonic classifications of my own body and color of flesh. I lined up with the victims, not with my kin. My desire to be done with the coding of the politics of identity in my flesh increased my sense of disembodiment. My own betrayal of skin and kin accompanied by the undeniable privilege afforded me by the embodied coding of race has created a ... ...cal and theoretical issues related to the technologies of immersive virtual reality, netart, and avatars; specifically with respect to issues of identity, embodiment, and human sentience. He has presented and exhibited his work in numerous international venues, including Ars Electronica, Invencao, Consciousness Reframed, Webs of Discourse, CADE, as well as museums, galleries, and alternative spaces. His essay, â€Å"A Manifesto for Avatars† was published in Intertexts in 1998. At present he is a visiting researcher at the Virtual Reality Centre at the University of Teesside, and at the CAVE Lab, New Media Center, The University of Michigan. He is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Computer Art/New Media at Bowling Green State University, and an Assistant Professor of Art at Kent State University. http://www.stark.kent.edu/~glittle http://www.oberlin.net/~glittle

HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES :: essays research papers

HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES? How the world around us is represented mentally is the corner stone of cognitive architectures. It facilitates understanding of information received and perceived from our environment. The storage and retrieval of knowledge would be impossible without mental representations. Mental representations are the way in which we create ‘copies’ of the real things around us, which we perceive. A description of a representation is a symbol, sign, image or a depiction that takes the place of a real object in the real world. . Representations were broadly categorised into three. The ‘analogue representation’ the ‘propositional representation’ and ‘procedural rules’. Analogue representations are those which have an image-like copy quality to them, whereas the propositional representation are based on language-like constructs. Since the arrival of connectionism another representation has been proposed that of sub-symbolic representation. Here mental representations, according to Eysenk and Keane (2002) are â€Å"distributed† patterns of activation in a connectivist network. Historically, mental representations have been interpreted by analogy with physical representations, i.e. descriptions and classifications devised for physical representations have been applied to mental representations (Paivio, 1986). Physical representations can be picture-like or language-like (see Table). Physical and mental representations physical representations  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  picture-like  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  language-like examples  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  photographs drawings maps diagrams  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  human-language formal systems: maths, symbolic logic computer programs properties  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  analogue iconic continuous  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  non-analogue non-iconic digital/discrete Table: Types of physical representations (after Paivio, 1986) The representations need then to be categorised for storage in long -term memory. These ‘packages’ of knowledge are classed as being either procedural knowledge or declarative knowledge. Procedural knowledge is knowing how to do something or precisely what to do. It is sets of rules or procedures and skills like playing the piano. Declarative knowledge is about facts. Representations allow cognitive models to work as they are the ‘substance’ the models work on. The models for discussion share common features but are equally differentiated from each other at some level. Before looking at each of the theories mental representations it would be helpful to take a snapshot of the model structures and approaches to learning and processing to gain a fuller understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. The models compared here are Schema theory (Rummelhart and Norman 1983) ACT* Anderson) and PDP. Schema theory is said to offers a unified theory of cognition as it umbrellas all areas of cognition. It is interactive and works on stored knowledge or long-term memory. It does not address any wider structural issues. Schema is about how our learning is influenced by our previous knowledge. HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES :: essays research papers HOW IMPORTANT ARE MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS IN COGNITIVE THEORIES? How the world around us is represented mentally is the corner stone of cognitive architectures. It facilitates understanding of information received and perceived from our environment. The storage and retrieval of knowledge would be impossible without mental representations. Mental representations are the way in which we create ‘copies’ of the real things around us, which we perceive. A description of a representation is a symbol, sign, image or a depiction that takes the place of a real object in the real world. . Representations were broadly categorised into three. The ‘analogue representation’ the ‘propositional representation’ and ‘procedural rules’. Analogue representations are those which have an image-like copy quality to them, whereas the propositional representation are based on language-like constructs. Since the arrival of connectionism another representation has been proposed that of sub-symbolic representation. Here mental representations, according to Eysenk and Keane (2002) are â€Å"distributed† patterns of activation in a connectivist network. Historically, mental representations have been interpreted by analogy with physical representations, i.e. descriptions and classifications devised for physical representations have been applied to mental representations (Paivio, 1986). Physical representations can be picture-like or language-like (see Table). Physical and mental representations physical representations  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  picture-like  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  language-like examples  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  photographs drawings maps diagrams  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  human-language formal systems: maths, symbolic logic computer programs properties  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  analogue iconic continuous  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  non-analogue non-iconic digital/discrete Table: Types of physical representations (after Paivio, 1986) The representations need then to be categorised for storage in long -term memory. These ‘packages’ of knowledge are classed as being either procedural knowledge or declarative knowledge. Procedural knowledge is knowing how to do something or precisely what to do. It is sets of rules or procedures and skills like playing the piano. Declarative knowledge is about facts. Representations allow cognitive models to work as they are the ‘substance’ the models work on. The models for discussion share common features but are equally differentiated from each other at some level. Before looking at each of the theories mental representations it would be helpful to take a snapshot of the model structures and approaches to learning and processing to gain a fuller understanding of their strengths and weaknesses. The models compared here are Schema theory (Rummelhart and Norman 1983) ACT* Anderson) and PDP. Schema theory is said to offers a unified theory of cognition as it umbrellas all areas of cognition. It is interactive and works on stored knowledge or long-term memory. It does not address any wider structural issues. Schema is about how our learning is influenced by our previous knowledge.

The Digestive System

The Digestive System Why is it that 1 in 3 people perhaps even more regularly battles some kind of digestion problems? Understanding how the digestive system works will help to understand why digestive problems are so common. The digestive system is more than stomach and intestines. It is a system of organs that turns food into energy and is one of the most important functions the body performs. There are many reasons that cause so many people to suffer with digestive problems. Three of the most common reasons are the lack of knowledge of how the digestive system works, poor nutrition and undiagnosed medical conditions. Lack of knowledge of how the digestive system works is one of the many reasons that cause digestive problems. The digestive system is uniquely constructed to perform its specialized function of turning food into the energy and extracting nutrients necessary to sustain life. It does this by breaking down food into its basic nutrients, which include vitamins and minerals, fats, carbohydrates, proteins and water, before transporting them to the small intestine, where most of the nutrients are absorbed into the body. The digestive system takes place in the alimentary canal, a tube that runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, colon and rectum. The liver and pancreas also contribute to digestion, but are not part of the alimentary canal. Digestion begins in the mouth, where chemical and mechanical digestion occurs. Food inters the mouth and is chewed by the teeth, turned over and mixed with saliva by the tongue. The sensations of smell and taste from the food sets up reflexes which stimulate the salivary glands, saliva is produced by the salivary glands and is released into the mouth. Saliva begins to break down the food, moistening it and making it easier to swallow and contains a digestive enzyme called amylase which breaks down the carbohydrates (starches and sugars). One of the most important functions of the mouth is chewing. Chewing breaks the food into pieces and allows food to be mashed into a soft mass that is easier to swallow and digest later. Movements by the tongue and the mouth push the food to the back of the throat for it to be swallowed. A flexible flap called the epiglottis closes over the trachea to ensure that food enters the esophagus and not the wind pipe to prevent choking. Once the food is swallowed, it enters the esophagus, a muscular tube that is located between the throat and the stomach. Food is moved by peristalsis which pushes the food down through the esophagus to the stomach. The stomach is the widest part of the alimentary canal and acts as a reservoir for the food where it may remain for between 2 and 6 hours. The stomach has 3 main functions: to store the swallowed food and liquid; to mix up the food with various hormones, enzymes, including pepsinogen which begins the digestion of protein, hydrochloric acid, and other chemicals; and to slowly empty its contents into the small intestine. The wall of the stomach is impermeable to most substances, although it does absorb some water, electrolytes, certain drugs, and alcohol. At regular intervals a circular muscle at the lower end of the stomach, the pylorus opens allowing small amounts of food, now known as chyme to enter the small intestine. Most digestion and absorption of food occurs in the small intestine. The small intestine consists of 3 parts: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The small intestine has 2 important functions. First, the digestive process is completed here by enzymes and other substances made by intestinal cells, the pancreas, and the liver. Second, the small intestine absorbs the nutrients from the digestive process. The inner wall of the small intestine is covered by millions of tiny finger like projections called villi. The villi are covered with tinier projections called microvilli. The combination of the two allows absorption of nutrients to occur. Undigested material travels next to the large intestine. The large intestine is to remove water and salts from the undigested material and to form solid waste that can be excreted. Bacteria in the large intestine help to break down the undigested materials. The remaining contents of the large intestine are moved toward the rectum where feces are stored until they leave the body through the anus. The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. Accessory digestive organs which include the pancreas, liver and gall ladder are not part of the digestive tract or also known as the alimentary canal, but play an important role in the digestive process. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates it also makes sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid. The liver produces bile, which helps the body absorb fat and it also regulates substances in the blood cells. The gallbladder store s bile until it is needed. The enzymes and bile produced by these organs move through ducts into the small intestine where they help breakdown food. The nutrients from the small intestine travel through the blood to the liver, which help process the nutrients. Digestive problems results from poor nutrition. Good nutrition is essential for maintaining proper functioning of the body systems especially the digestive system. Eating a well-balanced, nutritious diet and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are the best ways to prevent digestive problems and diseases (Lipski, 2005). The kinds and amounts of food a person eats and how the digestive system processes that food plays key roles in maintaining good health and preventing common digestive problems. Since the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body and used for fuel, growth and cell repair. Good nutrition is essential for maintaining proper functions of the body systems. Generally, health experts recommend eating fiber to help prevent constipation and diarrhea. Reduce fats and oils which can slow down digestion. They also suggest drinking plenty of water which helps lubricate food waste so that it passes more easily through the alimentary canal, it helps soften stool which may prevent constipation. Water also helps dissolve minerals, vitamins and other nutrients, there by facilitating their absorption by the body’s tissues. Good nutrition is not only essential for maintaining proper function of the body systems it is also essential for maintaining homeostasis of the body systems. The body needs good nutrition for the body systems to properly function correctly. The digestive system does assist with homeostasis however; it can not accomplish it alone. All organs systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The digestive system provides the nutrients needed for the circulatory system. As the food moves through the stages of digestion (mechanical, peristalsis, chemical) it is broken down into simple water-soluble molecules that can cross cell membranes. Since the circulatory system is the transportation system of the body it transports wastes, gases, hormones, electrolytes and nutrients from good nutrition to and from the body cells. It also transports water to and from the tissues. So as these molecular-sized, water soluble particles pass through the cell membranes of cells in the digestive tract and pass through the walls of capillaries the nutrients are picked up by the blood for transport. Blood in the capillaries carries the nutrients to all the cells in the body. Red blood cells, White blood cells, and Platelets and Plasma all help to maintain homeostasis. Red blood cells transport oxygen and hydrogen ions throughout the body. White blood cells fights infections and platelets assist in blood clotting and the plasma transports the blood cells. None of these things can function without the nutrients supplied by the digestive system. Blood also maintains homeostasis of water, electrolytes and body temperature all by getting the nutrients necessary to function from the digestive system. The digestive system needs good nutrition to keep it functioning properly and all organs systems working together properly to maintain homeostasis. Undiagnosed medial conditions will cause digestive problems if left untreated and is one of the most common reasons that so many people suffer with digestive problems. Nearly everyone suffers from heartburn and indigestion now and then and these might be normal side effects of digestion, but when they occur often it might be signs of a problem and should have medical attention. Seeking medical attention or being seen by a medical doctor will help to establish if the heartburn or indigestion are from normal side effects of digestion or whether any mechanical factor such as a hiatal hernia or even silent ulcers of the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum maybe causing the digestive problems. A hiatal hernia and silent ulcers if left untreated could turn into a serious problem which can cause bleeding, pain, scarring and difficulty in swallowing and can cause a chronic condition with complications. Treatment of heart burn and prevention of its complications are almost always medical, not surgical procedures these days; and, if followed faithfully are very effective. Peptic ulcers is another serious problem that many people have and do not even know it, one might mistaken them for heartburn, indigestion and nausea. The pain and discomfort comes and goes and sometimes lasting for days or even weeks. An ulcer can be treated by medication and usually takes about eight weeks to completely heal. If left untreated it can cause internal bleeding and more severe damage that might need surgical repair (Monroe, 2000). The digestive system is a complex system. There is a lot of information that we know about this system and so much more that is still unknown. For example, for many years the American Heart Association has recommended taking aspirin to prevent heart attacks and strokes. Now, there appears to be a downside to taking a low dosage of aspirin daily. According to research taking a daily aspirin can cause serious problems in the digestive system. Research shows that people who take aspirin are at risk for excess gastro-intestinal bleeding or ulcers that perforate. So the question is does the risk balance the benefit? Through research they have found out that there are three factors that particularly affect developing gastro-intestinal complications they are the increased risk, male gender and ulcer history. All of those things are doubled when a person takes a daily low dose aspirin and the complications can be serious including death. In fact five to ten percent of people with these complications will die from it. Research has proven that the thing that is in aspirin that causes these problems is the same thing that prevents heart disease and the same prostaglandin changes are the ones that somehow enhance the probability of developing gastrointestinal irritation that can lead to bleeding, that can lead to perforation. So research has taught us that there is a high risk of developing gastro-intestinal complications including bleeding or ulcers that perforate, with the use of a low daily dosage of aspirin especially in the male gender and in those with a past history of ulcers. Through this research we still do not understand why the risk is much higher for the male gender than the female gender, that mystery is still unknown. Reasons that cause so many people to suffer with digestive problems are the lack of knowledge of how the digestive system works, poor nutrition and undiagnosed medical conditions. The most obvious solution to maintaining good health and preventing digestive problems would be getting to know the digestive tract and understanding how it works, maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle and seek medical attention instead of letting the digestive problem turn into something much worse. The Digestive System The human body consists of number of organ systems which work collectively to execute functions of the body. The three most important human organ systems are circulatory, digestive and endocrine system. The main function of the digestive system is to process food in such a way that the energy molecules are absorbed by the body and the residues are left out. The physiological processes which are required for the digestive system are absorption, digestion, motility, secretion and excretion (Margaret E. Smith, 2001) Digestive System: Digestive system helps the body to maintain stability, equilibrium or balance.Digestive system contributes in homeostatic regulation of the body. The body would suffer if there is no regular supply of energy and nutrients from digestive system. The digestive system helps in absorption of ions, vitamins, organic substances and water that is necessary to the body. When the food is chewed and swallowed, the food is broken down in the digestive tract to very sm all nutrient molecules which can be easy to enter into the villi of small intestine. (Rebecca L. Johnson, 2004) Digestive enzymes are formed by the pancreas and the digestive tract.Besides this, the liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder to digest the fats. By the use of hepatic portal vein, blood passes from smaller intestine to the liver i. e. , in to the circulatory system. The liver is the vital organ of homeostasis and it monitors the blood. The liver produces urea by breaking down toxic substances like alcohol and other drugs. After eating, the liver stores glucose as glycogen and produces plasma proteins. Liver keeps the blood glucose concentration constant by releasing glucose in between eating. This is how the digestive system works along with the other systems which include circulatory system.Organs in the Digestive system: There are several organs in the digestive system. The digestive system can be divided in to two systems. They are upper gastrointestin al tract and lower gastrointestinal tract. The upper gastrointestinal tract consists of several organs like mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and stomach. The lower gastrointestinal tract consists of small intestine, ileum, large intestine, anus and rectum. (Cheryl Jakab, 2007) The functions of some important organs include Oral Cavity: The oral cavity or the mouth is the first part of the digestive system. It accepts food by way of ingestion.Here, the food will be broken in to smaller pieces and get mixed with saliva. Saliva helps as lubrication for the food particles. The oral cavity consists of different parts which are helpful in the digestive system. They are tongue and teeth. Small Intestine: The small intestine is about 35 millimeteres in length and grayish purple in color. The small intestine is the longer intestine which is six to seven meters long. The small intestine has the general structure of the GI tract. The small intestine consists of exocrine cells in the muco sa which secretes peptidase, mucus, maltase, sucrose, lipase, maltase and enterokinase.Endocrine cells secrete secretin and cholecystokinin. The process of digestion is completed by the small intestine. It absorbs the nutrients and sends the residue to large intestine. The gall bladder, liver and pancreas are important organs in the digestive system which is closely related to the small intestine. Small intestine is divided in to duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The small intestine helps in several functions such as hormone secretion, intestinal juice secretion, ninety percent absorption, forward propulsion of contents and it is the major site of digestion.Rectum: The rectum can be found in the lowest portion of the large intestine which connects to the anus and it is a muscular tube like structure. The waste is stored here and permits expulsion when pressure on the rectal walls is caused. Anus: The anus is formed by the surface layers of the body, skin and the intestine. The anus is th e opening at the end of the digestive tract through which the waste matter is ejected from the body. There are many diseases which are caused due to the improper functioning of the digestive system. The most specific disease is the Ulcer.Ulcer is the disorder caused in the upper digestive tract. Ulcer can be developed in the duodenum, lower part of the esophagus and in jejunum. There are many causes for ulcer. Some of them include certain medications, infection and disorders caused by the over secretion of stomach juices. The symptoms of gastric ulcer include weight loss, feeling heart burn and indigestion and gastrointestinal bleeding. Most of the patients suffering from ulcer suffer from bleeding which results in vomiting blood, anemia or blood through rectum.